15. Pharmaceutical Microbiology: Different methods of sterilization, classification and mode of action of disinfectants, Sources of contamination in an aseptic area.
16. Physical Pharmacy: Rheology – Newtonian systems, non-Newtonian systems, Thixotropy, determination of viscosity; Micromeretics- Particle size, methods for determining particle size, Flow properties; Drug stability- Factors influencing the degradation of pharmaceutical products. Accelerated stability testing.
17. Pharmaceutical Engineering: Filtration, factors influencing filtration, different types of filters, Centrifugation: Principle and applications of centrifugation, different types of centrifuge machines. Materials of pharmaceutical plant construction, Corrosion and its prevention.
18. Stereo isomerism: Optical isomerism Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds, Elements of symmetry, chiral and chiral molecules, DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules, RS system of nomenclature of optical isomers, Reactions of chiral molecules, Raceme modification and resolution of racemic mixture. Asymmetric synthesis: partial and absolute.
19. Heterocyclic compounds: Nomenclature and classification, Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of following compounds/derivatives, Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene, Relative arromaticity and reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan and Thiophene.
20. Impurities in pharmaceutical substances: History of Pharmacopoeia, Sources and types of impurities, principle involved in the limit tests for Chloride, Sulphate, lron, Arsenic, Lead and Heavy metals, modified limit test for Chloride and Sulphate.
21. Radiopharmaceuticals: Radio activity, Measurement of radioactivity, half life, radio isotopes and study and radio isotopes – Sodium iodide l-131, Storage conditions, precaitions & pharmaceutical application of radioactive substances.
